add bounds check to LinearIndices construction

[adienes]

master:

julia> big_index = isqrt(typemax(Int))
3037000499

julia> LI = LinearIndices((big_index, big_index, 2));

julia> LI[end, end, 2]
-11857053614

PR:

julia> big_index = isqrt(typemax(Int))
3037000499

julia> LI = LinearIndices((big_index, big_index, 2));
ERROR: OverflowError: 9223372030926249001 * 2 overflowed for type Int64
Stacktrace:

I suppose there is a more general discussion in #50486 about which operations should be careful around internal overflows, but this seems like one of them. I did try to add @boundscheck and @propagate_inbounds to make this skippable, but I couldn't get it to work right